In a world filled with stupefaction and exceptionalities, the world’s oldest tree is another thing that always intrigues us. While most trees have a lifespan of more than humans, a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine ( Pinus longaeva) tree- known as Methuselah – might be the only species living longer than everything else ever thriving in the world.
This tree – with its rugged and archaic appearance – sneers at the concept of aging. It’s a plant that has ruled time and intrigued scientists for centuries.
In this adrenaline-packed article, we will break down everything about The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine.
How Old Is the World’s Oldest Tree?
You might get goosebumps knowing that trees can live as long as 100 years. Methuselah can outlive them all, holding the record of the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world. It won’t be an exxegeration if we say that Methusela is the oldest of all living organisms in the world.
For 4,853 years, Methuselah has been thriving in its high-altitude habitat in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. It’s like a tapestry that nature has taken millions of years to weave with endurance and resilience.
The weathered bark and twisted trunk of this short-height tree are a testament to the ups and downs that need to be undergone to stand upright, defying turbulence and the passage of millennia. The tree was named after the biblical patriarch Methuselah, who lived for 969 years, thus better known as a person synonymous with longevity.
Scientists have found another rocky mountain Bristlecone pine yet to be named in the Iyno National Forest and suspect it can be even older than Methuselah, thereby, the world’s oldest living tree.
However, they are having a hard time in determining the age of this old tree (probably the oldest) at the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research. Once they can hit success, the possibility is, this unnamed tree will snatch the title of the world’s oldest tree ever from Methuselah.
How Was Methuselah Discovered
This longest-living tree was first discovered by the famous dendrochronologist Edmund Schulman in 1957 in the pine forest in the White Mountains. It’s found in the renowned “Methuselah Grove” located at the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, snuggling at 2,900 and 3,000 meters above sea level in the Inyo National Forest.
He used dendrochronology – a technique used for more than five decades – to determine its age. It’s a scientific practice where tree rings are dated to the specific year they were formed in a tree. In this process, after extracting a sample from the tree trunk, the growth of the core tree ring is analyzed to count the core sample, thereby determining its age.
When Methuselah was sampled in 1957, its exact age was 4,789 years – meaning it’s more ancient than the pyramids in Giza!
Despite efforts of the Forest Service to keep the exact location of the oldest tree in the world under wraps, it was revealed in 2021 due to a high-profile leak, with photos published in a National Geographic article and a documentary.
What Makes Methuselah So Resilient
Methuselah is a testament to resilience, a witness of all harshness and greenery bestowed upon the world. A slew of environmental and biological factors contributed to its longest-ever lifespan even in the super-harsh terrain of the White Mountains.
- Methuselah is a species from the Great Basin Bristlecone pine tree which genetically grows slower than other trees. It grows so slowly that in some years, no tree ring gets added to the trunk.
- The growth was further slowed down by the harsh chilli environment in the high-altitude environment of the White Mountains in California. Extremely cold temperatures and high flow wind that twist the tree impedes its growth rate and contributes to making its wood highly dense and compact. The dense wood makes the tree less prone to attacks by mites, insects, fungi, or even erosion.
- Again, these old trees that have stood for centuries thrive at a chilli elevation where other vegetation like cypress tree can’t even grow. The presence of flammable plants and the rocky, in the high-altitude of White Mountains, acts as a natural fire break and makes Bristlecone pines less susceptible to wildfire, thus allowing them to live for an eternity. Since they grow slowly, they need to allocate resources more efficiently, which, in turn, makes the tree highly sturdy and resilient to the harsh environment in its habitat.
- In addition to its dense wood and comparatively slower growth rate, Mtehusela’s excellent adaptation capability has helped it to extend its lifespan. Its physical attributes are specially evolved to adapt to the harsh, rocky, nutrient-less soil in the White Mountains. The compact, dense wood and gnarled trunk give it the sturdiness to withstand the severity of the environment while the thick bark acts as its protector to protect the tree from bugs and diseases. In addition to these factors, Methuselah’s genetic makeup has evolved over millennia through natural selection and adaptation to the harsh environmental conditions of its habitat.
- The comparatively smaller size of Bristlecone pines like Methuselah is another key factor expanding its longevity. This is because the smaller the size is, the more efficient energy allocation, which reduces the metabolic demand in the tree. This adaptation not only conserves energy but also helps Methuselah withstand environmental stresses, limit root decay and minimize the impact of heavy wind flow in it.
All these contribute to increasing Methuselah’s longevity and resilience to the harsh environment, enabling the tree to stand as an archaic sentinel.
Historical and Ecological Significance of Methuselah
Methuselah, with its bark woven with scars of time, bears witness to the history of centuries. This whimsical ancient sentinel, shaped by the snow, rainfall, and wind, has been standing upright for centuries. It has witnessed the dawn and dusk of great empires, surviving catastrophic volcanic eruptions, hailstorms, growing through ice ages, and whatnot!
It also plays a pivotal role in helping maintain the ecological balance and upholding biodiversity in the White Mountains National Park. For example, the complex physical structure of such long-lived trees can be a favourable habitat for different types of flora and fauna.
This longest-living tree has helped get insights into past climate conditions, soil formation, and different ecological interactions in this area.
Conservation Efforts for Methuselah, The World’s Oldest Tree
Despite being the oldest living thing in the world, Methuselah faces some threats that endanger its existence. An increasing number of invasive species, abrupt climate change, anthropogenic causes (unplanned urbanisation and habitat destruction), etc., are a few of them.
That said, awareness is being spread to ensure all endangered and ancient tree species, including Methuselah get a favourable environment to thrive.
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